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The Dreams / Visions / Prophecies Section >
The Dreams / Visions / Prophecies Section:
1. Of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Sahib of Qadian:
* The Significance of the Lunar and Solar Eclipses in Islam (prophecies relating to Hazrat Mirza Sahib)
* Attacks on Islam by Latter-Day – "Companions of the Elephant" (Based on the commentary of chapter 104 [al-Fil; The Elephant] of the Holy Quran by Hazrat Mirza Sahib) by Imam Kalamazad Mohammed
* A Warner Came to the World -- Quranic Philosophy of Crises, Calamities, Disasters and Devastations
* Shastri's Prediction Turned Out Wrong (Prophecy of Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Sahib of Qadian) [India's Bid to Capture Lahore and the Route of Her Forces Foretold Sixty Years Ago]
* Phenomenon of Revelation by Aftab-ud-Din Ahmad Sahib [Based on Hazrat Mirza Sahib's Writings]
* Great Prophecy Fulfilled by Naseer Ahmad Faruqui Sahib
* The Spirit of Humanity Knocks at the Door of Islam by Maulana Muhammad Ali Sahib
* Fulfilment of a Mighty Prophecy (Superiority of Quranic Truths over Scientific Theories) by Dr. Allah Bukhsh
* The Debt Forgotten by Mian Rahim Bakhsh
* Islamisation of America and Europe by Maulana Muhammad Ali
* Does God Hear Man's Prayers? [Compiled and Translated by Maulana Aftab-ud-Din Sahib; Based on Hazrat Mirza Sahib's Books (Barakaat-ud-Dua and Ayyam-us-Salah) and Discourses/Sermons]
* Prophecies of the Promised Messiah by Mirza Masum Beg Sahib
2. Of Hazrat Asadullah Shah Sahib:
* Read his biography: Contains an account of his dreams / visions / prophecies and prayers (relating to: the miraculous cure of diseases, prophecies of the future life, the Establishment of Pakistan, the independence of Kashmir, and his death) and how they were answered by Allah.
3. Articles on:
* Dreams by Naseer Ahmad Faruqui
* Ka’bah – The Symbol of the Universal Message of God -- this year's (2000) Eid-ul-Azha sermon by Nasir Ahmad Sahib
4. Books on:
* Anecdotes from the Life of the Promised Messiah by Mumtaz Ahmad Faruqui [See: Chapter 4: Some Prophecies of the Mujaddid of the Age: || The Rise of Japan || A Prophecy about Bengal || The World-War 1914-18 || The Turkish Empire, its Disintegration and Rising like Phoenix from its Ashes || Shastri's Prophecy Turned out to be False ||; Chapter 5: Efficacy of Prayer with some Miraculous Results]
* Muhammad in World Scriptures (Vol. 2) [Advent of Holy Prophet Muhammad Foretold in the Books of the Old Testament of Jews and the New Testament of Christians] by Maulana Abdul Haq Vidyarthi
* Does God Hear Man's Prayers? [Compiled and Translated by Maulana Aftab-ud-Din Sahib; Based on Hazrat Mirza Sahib's Books (Barakaat-ud-Dua and Ayyam-us-Salah) and Discourses/Sermons]
5. Sound Files on:
* Dua Kee Ahamiyyat [The Significance of Prayer] -- Based on Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Sahib's Books [in Urdu]
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The Dreams / Visions / Prophecies Section >
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Your Source On The Internet For Information on Dreams and Dreaming.
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"For God speaketh once, yea twice, yet man perceiveth it not. In a dream, in a vision of night,
when deep sleep falleth upon men, in slumberings upon the bed; Then he openeth the ears of men and sealeth their instruction.."
Book of Job, 33:14-16
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Introduction
A brief hello from us, and a bit about why we started this.
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Dream Dictionary
An online dream dictionary. Want to find out why a particular item appears in your dreams? This is the section to look in.
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Dream Analysis
How do you figure out what your dreams mean? This area helps you unlock the mystery of your dreams.
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Why do we dream? What are dreams? This section explores the basics of dreaming.
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Dream Interpretation Service
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Thank you for visiting Dream Central! The ONLY internet site you will ever need for information on dreams, dreaming and dream analysis! Among the topics covered in extensive detail will be: Nightmares, dream induction, remembrance, why we dream, altering mental states to induce more vivid dreaming and much much more! You may also wish to check out our dream dictionary a big project of ours that is growing all the time! Please write to us using this
Email Form if you have any suggestions. Construction is an on-going thing with us, but I think you will agree that what is here already is far more then most sites on the net dealing with this subject. Make sure you let me know what you want to see. please visit the intro page for more about us!
Michael & Elizabeth Thiessen
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The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of...
CLICK HERE to find out all about what dreams are.
Dreams have been a mystery to us since Adam first breathed life. The stuff of legends, myth and fairy tale, dreams have always fascinated mankind. We can learn much from our dreams, if we only but listen with a trained ear. There is nothing psychic about understanding dreams. There is a certain degree of intuition, coupled with logic and a working knowledge of dreaming involved though. Click the picture to the right to visit a page with some basic information to help you in the understanding of dreams. This will be an excellent starting point for you.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What's It All Mean?
Click the picture or CLICK HERE to visit Dream Central's page on do-it-yourself dream analysis! Here you will find a LOT of useful and easy to understand information on dreams and dream remembrance. Analyzing your own dreams may sound hard, and somewhat intimidating, but it can be done quite easily. This page will show you:
What you need
How to sleep properly
How to remember your dreams
How to dream more often, with more clarity
Definitions of some universal symbols
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Join in on the Dream Discussion Group! Totally free!
Here you can discuss your dreams with people all over the world. Not live chat, but a message posting forum that you can join in or just simply read! This area is dedicated as a free-of-charge open discussion area that all may join in. Please be aware when accessing this area that the public writes in it, and what is said is not necessarily the truth. However you should be able to find it useful and entertaining!
Also, if you had a dream of interest that you don't mind sharing with the public, this is a good place to post it. Beware! Everything you write in it can be viewed by the whole world!
To enter the discussion area!
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"For God speaketh once, yea twice, yet man perceiveth it not. In a dream, in a vision of night,
when deep sleep falleth upon men, in slumberings upon the bed; Then he openeth the ears of men and sealeth their instruction.."
Book of Job, 33:14-16
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Introduction
A brief hello from us, and a bit about why we started this.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dream Dictionary
An online dream dictionary. Want to find out why a particular item appears in your dreams? This is the section to look in.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dream Analysis
How do you figure out what your dreams mean? This area helps you unlock the mystery of your dreams.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discussion Group
This our forums section where you can discuss your dreams with others!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Basics
Why do we dream? What are dreams? This section explores the basics of dreaming.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
View the Guestbook
Sign the Guestbook
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dream Interpretation Service
Need us to help you sort out your dream? We can try!
Thank you for visiting Dream Central! The ONLY internet site you will ever need for information on dreams, dreaming and dream analysis! Among the topics covered in extensive detail will be: Nightmares, dream induction, remembrance, why we dream, altering mental states to induce more vivid dreaming and much much more! You may also wish to check out our dream dictionary a big project of ours that is growing all the time! Please write to us using this
Email Form if you have any suggestions. Construction is an on-going thing with us, but I think you will agree that what is here already is far more then most sites on the net dealing with this subject. Make sure you let me know what you want to see. please visit the intro page for more about us!
Michael & Elizabeth Thiessen
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of...
CLICK HERE to find out all about what dreams are.
Dreams have been a mystery to us since Adam first breathed life. The stuff of legends, myth and fairy tale, dreams have always fascinated mankind. We can learn much from our dreams, if we only but listen with a trained ear. There is nothing psychic about understanding dreams. There is a certain degree of intuition, coupled with logic and a working knowledge of dreaming involved though. Click the picture to the right to visit a page with some basic information to help you in the understanding of dreams. This will be an excellent starting point for you.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What's It All Mean?
Click the picture or CLICK HERE to visit Dream Central's page on do-it-yourself dream analysis! Here you will find a LOT of useful and easy to understand information on dreams and dream remembrance. Analyzing your own dreams may sound hard, and somewhat intimidating, but it can be done quite easily. This page will show you:
What you need
How to sleep properly
How to remember your dreams
How to dream more often, with more clarity
Definitions of some universal symbols
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Join in on the Dream Discussion Group! Totally free!
Here you can discuss your dreams with people all over the world. Not live chat, but a message posting forum that you can join in or just simply read! This area is dedicated as a free-of-charge open discussion area that all may join in. Please be aware when accessing this area that the public writes in it, and what is said is not necessarily the truth. However you should be able to find it useful and entertaining!
Also, if you had a dream of interest that you don't mind sharing with the public, this is a good place to post it. Beware! Everything you write in it can be viewed by the whole world!
To enter the discussion area!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ | HOME | Personal Introduction | Dream Analysis | Basics about Dreaming |
Dream Discussion | View The Guestbook | Add to Guestbook | Dream Dictionary | Astrology Online | ]
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Designed and maintained by Michael Thiessen
Send comments or feedback!
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Welcome to Dream Moods
You are entering a mysterious and fascinating world of dreams where the rules of reality do not apply. We hope that Dream Moods will help you make sense of your dreams and achieve a better understanding of them. We're dedicated to helping you find the key to unlocking and interpreting the meanings to your dreams. By understanding your dreams, you will gain a better perspective on your life.
We realize that your dreams are unique. No other individual can have your background, your emotions, or your experiences. Every dream is connected with your own "reality". Thus, in interpreting your dreams, it is important to draw
September 2009
One-third of your lives is spent sleeping.
Everybody dreams! Everybody! It is a matter of whether you remembered them or not.
Half the content is forgotten five minutes after the dream has ended. After ten minutes, 90% is lost.
Learn other fun Dream Facts!
from your personal life and experiences.
Remember that a dream unifies the body, mind, and spirit. It provides you with insight into ourselves and a means for self-exploration. In understanding your dreams, you will have a better understanding and discovery of your true self. So stay awhile -- explore, discover, have fun, make friends, and find out what's in YOUR dream?!
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Frederick Perls
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Nightmares & Terrors - What dream horrors are haunting you in your sleep? Do you wake up sweating, screaming, or heart pounding?
What Is Your Dream IQ?
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Why don't I have dreams?
Why do some dreams keep repeating themselves?
Is it possible to die in your dreams?
Find the answers in our Frequently Asked Questions.
"I have looked at other books, but none seem to compare to how accurate the interpretations are in dreammoods.com. Many thanks." --Emily
"Visiting this website almost daily really helps to bring more awareness, understanding, and comfort to my life." -- Hannah
"This site is the ultimate go-to guide and puts others to shame! Your dedication shows and I will continue to be a reader for as long as I continue to dream. " --Sarah
Read more testimonials from Dream Moods visitors.
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This web site designed and maintained by Dream Moods, Inc.
Email the webmaster at dreammoods dot com with questions or comments about this web site.
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No part of this website may be reproduced, duplicated, reengineered, modified, translated or distributed in any form or manner, either mechanical or
or electronic, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage system, without the prior written permission of Dream Moods,
except for the inclusion of brief quotations in an article, review, forum post, research paper, or blog and as long as Dream Moods is properly cited.
Last Updated: September 3, 2009
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Welcome to Dream Moods
You are entering a mysterious and fascinating world of dreams where the rules of reality do not apply. We hope that Dream Moods will help you make sense of your dreams and achieve a better understanding of them. We're dedicated to helping you find the key to unlocking and interpreting the meanings to your dreams. By understanding your dreams, you will gain a better perspective on your life.
We realize that your dreams are unique. No other individual can have your background, your emotions, or your experiences. Every dream is connected with your own "reality". Thus, in interpreting your dreams, it is important to draw
September 2009
One-third of your lives is spent sleeping.
Everybody dreams! Everybody! It is a matter of whether you remembered them or not.
Half the content is forgotten five minutes after the dream has ended. After ten minutes, 90% is lost.
Learn other fun Dream Facts!
from your personal life and experiences.
Remember that a dream unifies the body, mind, and spirit. It provides you with insight into ourselves and a means for self-exploration. In understanding your dreams, you will have a better understanding and discovery of your true self. So stay awhile -- explore, discover, have fun, make friends, and find out what's in YOUR dream?!
Tell A Friend
About
Dream
Moods.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
advertisement
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Common Dreams
Chase Dreams
Test/Exam Dreams
Falling Dreams
Flying Dreams
Naked Dreams
Teeth Dreams
Dream Theorists
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Frederick Perls
Come and join the 22,000 members in the Dream Moods Discussion Forums It's completely free and anonymous..
Dream Discussion Forums
General Dream Discussion - Share your dreams with other Dream Moods visitors.
Lucid Dreams - Share your own lucid dream experiences. Discuss tips and techniques on how to induce lucid dreams and how to control/manipulate your own dreams.
Nightmares & Terrors - What dream horrors are haunting you in your sleep? Do you wake up sweating, screaming, or heart pounding?
What Is Your Dream IQ?
What is the average amount of dreams a person usually has in one night?
Why don't I have dreams?
Why do some dreams keep repeating themselves?
Is it possible to die in your dreams?
Find the answers in our Frequently Asked Questions.
"I have looked at other books, but none seem to compare to how accurate the interpretations are in dreammoods.com. Many thanks." --Emily
"Visiting this website almost daily really helps to bring more awareness, understanding, and comfort to my life." -- Hannah
"This site is the ultimate go-to guide and puts others to shame! Your dedication shows and I will continue to be a reader for as long as I continue to dream. " --Sarah
Read more testimonials from Dream Moods visitors.
home | dream info | common dreams | dream dictionary | dream bank | site map | forum | contact us
This web site designed and maintained by Dream Moods, Inc.
Email the webmaster at dreammoods dot com with questions or comments about this web site.
View our Disclaimer and Privacy Policy.
Copyright 2000-2009 Dream Moods, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this website may be reproduced, duplicated, reengineered, modified, translated or distributed in any form or manner, either mechanical or
or electronic, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage system, without the prior written permission of Dream Moods,
except for the inclusion of brief quotations in an article, review, forum post, research paper, or blog and as long as Dream Moods is properly cited.
Last Updated: September 3, 2009
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Support Wikipedia today. $0.9M USD$7.5M USDDonate Now[Hide][Show]Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. [Show]Wikipedia Forever Our shared knowledge. Our shared treasure. Help us protect it. Dream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation).
"The Knight's Dream" by Antonio de PeredaDreams are a succession of images, thoughts, sounds, or emotions passing through the mind during sleep.[1] The content and purpose of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is known as oneirology.
Contents [hide]
1 Cultural history
2 Neurology of sleep and dreams
3 Dream theories
3.1 Activation synthesis theory
3.2 Continual-activation theory
3.3 Dreams as excitations of long-term memory
3.4 Dreams for linking and consolidation of semantic memories
3.5 Dreams for removing junk
3.6 Dreams for testing and selecting mental schemas
3.7 Dreams for Darwinian random thought mutations
3.8 Dreams as the result of DMT in the brain
3.9 Psychosomatic theory
3.10 Other Hypotheses on dreaming
4 Dream content
4.1 Emotions
4.2 Sexual themes
4.3 Recurring dreams
4.4 Common themes
4.5 Color vs. black and white
5 Dream interpretation
6 Relationship with medical conditions
6.1 Dreams and psychosis
7 Other associated phenomena
7.1 Lucid dreaming
7.2 Dreams of absent-minded transgression
7.3 Dreaming and the "real world"
7.4 Recalling dreams
7.5 Déjà vu
7.6 Apparent precognition
7.7 Dream incorporation
8 Popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
[edit] Cultural history
Jacob's dream of a ladder of angelsDreams have a long history. They have been a subject of controversy and disagreement. Throughout history, people have sought meaning in dreams or divination through dreams. They have been described physiologically as a response to neural processes during sleep, psychologically as reflections of the subconscious, and spiritually as messages from gods or predictions of the future. Many cultures had practiced dream incubation, with the intention of cultivating dreams that were prophetic or contained messages from the divine.
Judaism has a traditional ceremony called "hatavat halom" – literally meaning making the dream a good one. Through this rite disturbing dreams can be transformed to give a positive interpretation by a rabbi or a rabbinic court.[2]
[edit] Neurology of sleep and dreams
Main article: REM sleep
EEG showing brainwaves during REM sleepThere is no universally agreed biological definition of dreaming. In 1952, Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep while working in the surgery of his PhD advisor. Aserinsky noticed that the sleepers' eyes fluttered beneath their closed eyelids, later using a polygraph machine to record their brain waves during these periods. In one session, he awakened a subject who was wailing and crying out during REM and confirmed his suspicion that dreaming was occurring.[3] In 1953, Aserinsky and his advisor published the ground-breaking study in Science.[4]
Accumulated observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness. Participant-nonremembered dreams during non-REM sleep are normally more mundane in comparison.[5] During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming[6] (which is about two hours each night).[7] Most dreams last only 5 to 20 minutes.[6] It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind.
During REM sleep, the release of certain neurotransmitters is completely suppressed. As a result, motor neurons are not stimulated, a condition known as REM atonia. This prevents dreams from resulting in dangerous movements of the body.
Animals have complex dreams and are able to retain and recall long sequences of events while they are asleep.[8] Studies show that various species of mammals and birds experience REM during sleep,[9] and follow the same series of sleeping states as humans.[8]
Despite their power to bewilder, frighten us or amuse us, dreams are often ignored in mainstream models of cognitive psychology.[10] As methods of introspection were replaced with more self-consciously objective methods in the social sciences in 1930s and 1940s, dream studies dropped out of the scientific literature. Dreams were neither directly observable by an experimenter nor were subjects’ dream reports reliable, being prey to the familiar problems of distortion due to delayed recall, if they were recalled at all. According to Sigmund Freud, dreams are more often forgotten entirely, perhaps due to their prohibited character. Altogether, these problems seemed to put them beyond the realm of science.
The discovery that dreams take place primarily during a distinctive electrophysiological state of sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which can be identified by objective criteria, led to rebirth of interest in this phenomenon. When REM sleep episodes were timed for their duration and subjects woken to make reports before major editing or forgetting could take place, it was determined that subjects accurately matched the length of time they judged the sleep the dream narrative to be ongoing to the length of REM sleep that preceded the awakening. This close correlation of REM sleep and dream experience was the basis of first series of reports describing the nature of dreaming: that it is regular nightly, rather than occasional, phenomenon, and a high-frequency activity within each sleep period occurring at predictable intervals of approximately every 60–90 minutes in all humans throughout the life span. REM sleep episodes and the dreams that accompany them lengthen progressively across the night, with the first episode being shortest, of approximately 10–12 minutes duration, and the second and third episodes increasing to 15–20 minutes. Dreams at the end of the night may last as long as 15 minutes, although these may be experienced as several distinct stories due to momentary arousals interrupting sleep as the night ends. Dream reports can be reported from normal subjects on 50% of the occasion when an awakening is made prior to the end of the first REM period. This rate of retrieval is increased to about 99% when awakenings are made from the last REM period of the night. This increase in the ability to recall appears to be related to intensification across the night in the vividness of dream imagery, colors and emotions. The dream story itself in the last REM period is farthest from reality, containing more bizarre elements, and it is these properties, coupled with the increased likelihood of spontaneous arousals allowing waking review to take place, that heighten the chance of recall of the last dream.[citation needed]
[edit] Dream theories
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or discuss these issues on the talk page.
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[edit] Activation synthesis theory
Main article: Activation-synthesis hypothesis
In 1976 J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley proposed a new theory that changed dream research, challenging the previously held Freudian view of dreams as subconscious wishes to be interpreted. Activation synthesis theory asserts that the sensory experiences are fabricated by the cortex as a means of interpreting chaotic signals from the pons. They propose that in REM sleep, the ascending cholinergic PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) waves stimulate higher midbrain and forebrain cortical structures, producing rapid eye movements. The activated fore brain then synthesizes the dream out of this internally generated information. They assume that the same structures that induce REM sleep also generate sensory information.
Hobson's 1976 research suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams originated in the brain stem during REM sleep. However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly related.[11] While working in the neurosurgery department at hospitals in Johannesburg and London, Solms had access to patients with various brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and confirmed that patients with damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's 1977 theory. However, Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having brain stem damage. This observation forced him to question Hobson's prevailing theory which marked the brain stem as the source of the signals interpreted as dreams. Solms viewed the idea of dreaming as a function of many complex brain structures as validating Freudian dream theory, an idea that drew criticism from Hobson. In 1978, Solms, along with partners William Kauffman and Edward Nadar, undertook a series of traumatic-injury impact studies using several different species of primates, particularly howler monkeys, in order to disprove Hobson's postulation that the brain stem played a significant role in dream pathology. Unfortunately, Solms' experiments proved inconclusive, as the high mortality rate associated with using an hydraulic impact pin to artificially induce brain damage in test subjects meant that his final candidate pool was too small to satisfy the requirements of the scientific method.[12]algo
[edit] Continual-activation theory
Combining Hobson's activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms's findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by Jie Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes that the function of sleep is to process, encode and transfer the data from the temporary memory to the long-term memory, though there is not much evidence backing up this so-called "consolidation." NREM sleep processes the conscious-related memory (declarative memory), and REM sleep processes the unconscious related memory (procedural memory).
Zhang assumes that during REM sleep, the unconscious part of a brain is busy processing the procedural memory; meanwhile, the level of activation in the conscious part of the brain will descend to a very low level as the inputs from the sensory are basically disconnected. This will trigger the "continual-activation" mechanism to generate a data stream from the memory stores to flow through the conscious part of the brain. Zhang suggests that this pulse-like brain activation is the inducer of each dream. He proposes that, with the involvement of the brain associative thinking system, dreaming is, thereafter, self-maintained with the dreamer's own thinking until the next pulse of memory insertion. This explains why dreams have both characteristics of continuity (within a dream) and sudden changes (between two dreams).[13][14]
[edit] Dreams as excitations of long-term memory
Eugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory, even during waking life. The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield & Rasmussen’s findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams. During waking life an executive function interprets long term memory consistent with reality checking. Tarnow's theory is a reworking of Freud's theory of dreams in which Freud's unconscious is replaced with the long-term memory system and Freud's “Dream Work” describes the structure of long-term memory.[15]
Location of hippocampus[edit] Dreams for linking and consolidation of semantic memories
A 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the hippocampus and neocortex is reduced.[16] Increasing levels of the stress hormone cortisol late in sleep (often during REM sleep) cause this decreased communication. One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Payne and Nadal hypothesize that these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress.[17]
[edit] Dreams for removing junk
Hughlings Jackson (1911) viewed that sleep serves to sweep away unnecessary memories and connections from the day. This was revised in 1983 by Crick and Mitchison's 'reverse learning' theory, which states that dreams are like the cleaning-up operations of computers when they are off-line, removing parasitic nodes and other "junk" from the mind during sleep.[18][19] However, the opposite view that dreaming has an information handling, memory-consolidating function (Hennevin and Leconte, 1971) is also common. Dreams are a result of the spontaneous firings of neural patterns while the brain is undergoing memory consolidation during sleep.
[edit] Dreams for testing and selecting mental schemas
Coutts[20] hypothesizes that dreams modify and test mental schemas during sleep during a process he calls emotional selection, and that only schema modifications that appear emotionally adaptive during dream tests are selected for retention, while those that appear maladaptive are abandoned or further modified and tested. Alfred Adler suggested that dreams are often emotional preparations for solving problems, intoxicating an individual away from common sense toward private logic. The residual dream feelings may either reinforce or inhibit contemplated action.
[edit] Dreams for Darwinian random thought mutations
Dreams create new ideas through the generation of random thought mutations. Some of these may be rejected by the mind as useless, while others may be seen as valuable and retained. Blechner[21] calls this the theory of "Oneiric Darwinism."
[edit] Dreams as the result of DMT in the brain
Dreams are the result of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the brain. A biochemical mechanism for this was proposed by the medical researcher J. C. Callaway, who suggested in 1988 that DMT might be connected with visual dream phenomena, where brain DMT levels are periodically elevated to induce visual dreaming and possibly other natural states of mind.[22]
[edit] Psychosomatic theory
Dreams are a product of "dissociated imagination", which is dissociated from the conscious self and draws material from sensory memory for simulation, with sensory feedback resulting in hallucination. By simulating the sensory signals to drive the autonomous nerves, dreams can affect mind-body interaction. In the brain and spine, the autonomous "repair nerves", which can expand the blood vessels, connect with pain and compression nerves. These nerves are grouped into many chains called meridians in Chinese medicine. While dreaming, the body also employs the chain-reacting meridians to repair the body and help it grow and develop by sending out very intensive movement-compression signals when the level of growth enzymes increase.[23]
[edit] Other Hypotheses on dreaming
There are many other hypotheses about the function of dreams, including:[24]
During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses, but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep.[25] The mind will, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying.
Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock.[26]
Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences.[24]
Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness.[27]
Ferenczi[28] proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright.
Dreams regulate mood.[29]
Hartmann[30] says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life.
More recent research by psychologist Joe Griffin, following a twelve year review of data from all major sleep laboratories, led to the formulation of the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming, which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation in the autonomic nervous system and lowers stress levels in mammals.[31][32]
[edit] Dream content
From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966 Hall and Van De Castle published The Content Analysis of Dreams in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.[33] It was found that people all over the world dream of mostly the same things. Hall's complete dream reports became publicly available in the mid-1990s by Hall's protégé William Domhoff, allowing further different analysis.
Personal experiences from the last day or week are frequently incorporated into dreams.[34]
[edit] Emotions
The most common emotion experienced in dreams is anxiety. Other emotions include pain, abandonment, fear, joy, etc. Negative emotions are much more common than positive ones.[33]
[edit] Sexual themes
The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams occur no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens.[33] Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content.[35] In some cases, sexual dreams may result in orgasm or nocturnal emission. These are commonly known as wet dreams.[36]
In shamanism, the theme of a spirit spouse (in dreams) of the shaman (or of the shamaness) is of worldwide distribution.
[edit] Recurring dreams
While the content of most dreams is dreamt only once, many people experience recurring dreams — that is, the same dream narrative is experienced over different occasions of sleep. Up to 70% of females and 65% of males report recurrent dreams.
[edit] Common themes
This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009)
Content-analysis studies have identified common reported themes in dreams. These include: situations relating to school (adolescents), being chased or attacked, running slowly in place, falling, arriving too late, a person alive in reality dead in the dream, a person who is dead in real life alive in the dream, teeth falling out, flying, future events such as birthdays, anniversaries, etc. (with different scenarios), past events in your life (with different scenarios) embarrassing moments, falling in love with random people, failing an examination, not being able to move or focus vision, car accidents, being accused of a crime you didn't commit, suddenly finding yourself naked, wanting to go to the toilet (usually occurs when you need to in reality), losing your car, not knowing where you are and many more[citation needed].
[edit] Color vs. black and white
Twelve percent of people dream only in black and white.[37] Recent research has suggested that those changing results may be linked to the switch from black-and-white film and TV to color media.[38]
[edit] Dream interpretation
Main article: Dream interpretation
Dreams were historically used for healing (as in the asclepieions found in the ancient Greek temples of Asclepius) as well as for guidance or divine inspiration. Some Native American tribes used vision quests as a rite of passage, fasting and praying until an anticipated guiding dream was received, to be shared with the rest of the tribe upon their return.[39]
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung identified dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the conscious. They also assert together that the unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive faculty. While Freud felt that there was an active censorship against the unconscious even during sleep, Jung argued that the dream's bizarre quality is an efficient language, comparable to poetry and uniquely capable of revealing the underlying meaning.
Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic nature of Gestalt therapy. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that have been ignored, rejected, or suppressed.[40] Jung argued that one could consider every person in the dream to represent an aspect of the dreamer, which he called the subjective approach to dreams. Perls expanded this point of view to say that even inanimate objects in the dream may represent aspects of the dreamer. The dreamer may therefore be asked to imagine being an object in the dream and to describe it, in order to bring into awareness the characteristics of the object that correspond with the dreamer's personality.
[edit] Relationship with medical conditions
There is evidence that certain medical conditions (normally only neurological conditions) can impact dreams. For instance, people with synesthesia have never reported entirely black-and-white dreaming, and often have a difficult time imagining the idea of dreaming in only black and white.[41]
Therapy for recurring nightmares (often associated with posttraumatic stress disorder) can include imagining alternative scenarios that could begin at each step of the dream.[42]
[edit] Dreams and psychosis
A number of thinkers have commented on the similarities between the phenomenology of dreams and that of psychosis. Features common to the two states include thought disorder, flattened or inappropriate affect (emotion), and hallucination. Among philosophers, Kant, for example, wrote that ‘the lunatic is a wakeful dreamer’.[43] Schopenhauer said: ‘A dream is a short-lasting psychosis, and a psychosis is a long-lasting dream.’[44] In the field of psychoanalysis, Freud wrote: ‘A dream then, is a psychosis’,[45] and Jung: ‘Let the dreamer walk about and act like one awakened and we have the clinical picture of dementia praecox.’[46]
McCreery[47][48] has sought to explain these similarities by reference to the fact, documented by Oswald,[49] that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress and hyper-arousal. McCreery adduces evidence that psychotics are people with a tendency to hyper-arousal, and suggests that this renders them prone to what Oswald calls ‘microsleeps’ during waking life. He points in particular to the paradoxical finding of Stevens and Darbyshire[50] that patients suffering from catatonia can be roused from their seeming stupor by the administration of sedatives rather than stimulants.
Griffin and Tyrrell[51] go so far as to say that "schizophrenia is waking reality processed through the dreaming brain."[52]
[edit] Other associated phenomena
[edit] Lucid dreaming
Main article: Lucid dreaming
Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one's state while dreaming. In this state a person usually has control over characters and the environment of the dream as well as the dreamer's own actions within the dream.[53] The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been scientifically verified.[54]
Oneironaut is a term sometimes used for those who lucidly dream.
[edit] Dreams of absent-minded transgression
Dreams of absent-minded transgression (DAMT) are dreams wherein the dreamer absentmindedly performs an action that he or she has been trying to stop (one classic example is of a quitting smoker having dreams of lighting a cigarette). Subjects who have had DAMT have reported waking with intense feelings of guilt. One study found a positive association between having these dreams and successfully stopping the behavior.[55]
[edit] Dreaming and the "real world"
Main article: Dream argument
Dreams can link to actual sensations, such as the incorporation of environmental sounds into dreams such as hearing a phone ringing in a dream while it is ringing in reality, or dreaming of urination while wetting the bed. Except in the case of lucid dreaming, people dream without being aware that they are doing so. Some philosophers have concluded that what we think as the "real world" could be or is an illusion (an idea known as the skeptical hypothesis about ontology). The first recorded mention of the idea was by Zhuangzi, and was also discussed in Hinduism; Buddhism makes extensive use of the argument in its writings.[56] It was formally introduced to Western philosophy by Descartes in the 17th century in his Meditations on First Philosophy.
[edit] Recalling dreams
The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained. Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming.[42] Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men.[42] Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively little affect, and factors such as salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream recall. Often, a dream may be recalled upon viewing or hearing a random trigger or stimulus. A dream journal can be used to assist dream recall, for psychotherapy or entertainment purposes. For some people, vague images or sensations from the previous night's dreams are sometimes spontaneously experienced in falling asleep. However they are usually too slight and fleeting to allow dream recall. At least 95% of all dreams are not remembered. Certain brain chemicals necessary for converting short-term memories into long-term ones are suppressed during REM sleep. Unless a dream is particularly vivid and you wake during or immediately after it, the content of the dream will not be remembered.[57]
[edit] Déjà vu
Main article: Déjà vu
One theory of déjà vu attributes the feeling of having previously seen or experienced something to having dreamt about a similar situation or place, and forgetting about it until one seems to be mysteriously reminded of the situation or place while awake.[58] Déjà vu comes from the French language, meaning "Already seen."
[edit] Apparent precognition
Main article: Precognition
According to surveys, it is common for people to feel that their dreams are predicting subsequent life events.[59] Psychologists have explained these experiences in terms of memory biases, namely a selective memory for accurate predictions and distorted memory so that dreams are retrospectively fitted onto life experiences.[59] The multi-faceted nature of dreams makes it easy to find connections between dream content and real events[60]
In one experiment, subjects were asked to write down their dreams in a diary. This prevented the selective memory effect, and the dreams no longer seemed accurate about the future.[61] Another experiment gave subjects a fake diary of a student with apparently precognitive dreams. This diary described events from the person's life, as well as some predictive dreams and some non-predictive dreams. When subjects were asked to recall the dreams they had read, they remembered more of the successful predictions than unsuccessful ones.[62]
[edit] Dream incorporation
In one use of the term, "dream incorporation" is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by Salvador Dalí that depicts this concept, titled "Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening" (1944).
The term "dream incorporation" is also used in research examining the degree to which preceding daytime events become elements of dreams. Recent studies suggest that events in the day immediately preceding, and those about a week before, have the most influence.[34]
[edit] Popular culture
Modern popular culture often conceives of dreams, like Freud, as expressions of the dreamer's deepest fears and desires.[63] In films such as Spellbound (1945) or The Manchurian Candidate (1962), the protagonists must extract vital clues from surreal dreams.[64]
Most dreams in popular culture are, however, not symbolic, but straightforward and realistic depictions of their dreamer's fears and desires.[64] Dream scenes may be indistinguishable from those set in the dreamer's real world, a narrative device that undermines the dreamer's and the audience's sense of security[64] and allows horror movie protagonists, such as those of Carrie (1976), Friday the 13th (1980) or An American Werewolf in London (1981) to be suddenly attacked by dark forces while resting in seemingly safe places.[64]
In speculative fiction, the line between dreams and reality may be blurred even more in the service of the story.[64] Dreams may be psychically invaded or manipulated (the Nightmare on Elm Street films, 1984–1991) or even come literally true (as in The Lathe of Heaven, 1971). Such stories play to audiences’ experiences with their own dreams, which feel as real to them.[64]
[edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dream
Daydream
Dimethyltryptamine
Dissociation
Dream argument
Dream art
Dream pop
Dream sequence
Dream dictionary
Dreamwork
Dream world (plot device)
Dream yoga in Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen tradition
False awakening
Hypnagogia
List of dream diaries
Lucid dream
Oneirology
Sleepwalking
Spirit spouse (in dreams)
Veridical dream
Dream speech
Lilith a 6000 year old Sumerian dream demon (succubus)
REM sleep
[edit] References
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^ http://www.rabbiwein.com/Jerusalem-Post/2006/02/102.html Berel Wein "DREAMS"
^ Dement, William (1996). The Sleepwatchers. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0964933802.
^ Aserinsky, E; Kleitman, N. (September 1953). "Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena, during sleep". Science 118 (3062): 273–274. doi:10.1126/science.118.3062.273. PMID 13089671.
^ Dement, W.; Kleitman, N. (1957). "The Relation of Eye Movements during Sleep to Dream Activity.'". Journal of Experimental Psychology 53: 89–97. doi:10.1037/h0048189.
^ a b How Dream Works. 2006. http://science.howstuffworks.com/dream3.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-04.
^ "Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2006. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-16.
^ a b http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/dreaming.html
^ "The Evolution of REM Dreaming". 2003. http://www.improverse.com/ed-articles/richard_wilkerson_2003_jan_evolution.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
^ Barrett, Deirdre & McNamara, Patrick (Eds.) The New Science of Dreaming, (3 vol.): Volume I: The Biology of Dreaming, Volume II: Content, Recall, and Personality Correlates of Dreams, Volume III: Cultural and Theoretical Perspectives on Dreaming, NY, NY: Praeger/Greenwood, June, 2007
^ Solms, M. (2000). Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms (23(6) ed.). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. pp. 793-1121.
^ Rock, Andrea (2004). "3". The Mind at Night: The New Science of How and Why we Dream. Basic Books. ISBN 0465070698.
^ Zhang, Jie (2004). Memory process and the function of sleep (6-6 ed.). Journal of Theoretics. http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/Articles/6-6/Zhang.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
^ Zhang, Jie (2005). Continual-activation theory of dreaming, Dynamical Psychology. http://www.goertzel.org/dynapsyc/2005/ZhangDreams.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
^ Tarnow, Eugen (2003). How Dreams And Memory May Be Related (5(2) ed.). NEURO-PSYCHOANALYSIS.
^ R. Stickgold, J. A. Hobson, R. Fosse, M. Fosse1 (November 2001). "Sleep, Learning, and Dreams: Off-line Memory Reprocessing". Science 294 (5544): 1052 - 1057. doi:10.1126.
^ Jessica D. Payne and Lynn Nadel1 (2004). "Sleep, dreams, and memory consolidation: The role of the stress hormone cortisol". LEARNING & MEMORY: 671-678. ISSN 1072-0502. http://www.learnmem.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/671.
^ Evans, C. & Newman, E. (1964) Dreaming: An analogy from computers. New Scientist, 419:577-579.
^ Crick, F. & Mitchison, G. (1983) The function of dream sleep. Nature, 304:111-114.
^ Coutts, R (2008). Dreams as modifiers and tests of mental schemas: an emotional selection hypothesis. Psychological Reports, 102, 561-574.
^ Blechner, M. (2001) The Dream Frontier. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
^ Wallach J (2008). "Endogenous hallucinogens as ligands of the trace amine receptors: A possible role in sensory perception". Med Hypotheses in print (in print): in print. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.07.052. PMID 18805646.
^ Y.D. Tsai (1995). "A Mind-Body Interaction Theory of Dream". http://myweb.ncku.edu.tw/~ydtsai/mindbody/.
^ a b Cartwright, Rosalind D (1993). "Functions of Dreams". Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming.
^ Antrobus, John (1993). "Characteristics of Dreams". Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreaming.
^ Vedfelt, Ole (1999). The Dimensions of Dreams. Fromm.
^ Jung, C. (1948) General aspects of dream psychology. In: Dreams. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 23-66.
^ Ferenczi, S. (1913)To whom does one relate one's dreams? In: Further Contributions to the Theory and Technique of Psycho-Analysis. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 349.
^ Kramer, M. (1993)The selective mood regulatory function of dreaming: An update and revision. In: The Function of Dreaming. Ed., A. Moffitt, M. Kramer, & R. Hoffmann. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
^ Hartmann, E. (1995)Making connections in a safe place: Is dreaming psychotherapy? Dreaming, 5:213-228.
^ Griffin, J. (1997) The Origin of Dreams: How and why we evolved to dream. The Therapist, Vol 4 No 3.
^ Griffin, J, Tyrrell, I. (2004) Dreaming Reality: how dreaming keeps us sane or can drive us mad'. Human Givens Publishing.
^ a b c Hall, C., & Van de Castle, R. (1966). The Content Analysis of Dreams. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Content Analysis Explained
^ a b Alain, M.Ps., Geneviève; Tore A. Nielsen, Ph.D., Russell Powell, Ph.D., Don Kuiken, Ph.D. (July 2003). "Replication of the Day-residue and Dream-lag Effect". 20th Annual International Conference of the Association for the Study of Dreams. http://www.asdreams.org/2003/abstracts/genevieve_alain.htm.
^ Zadra, A., "1093: SEX DREAMS: WHAT DO MEN AND WOMEN DREAM ABOUT?" SLEEP, Volume 30, Abstract Supplement, 2007 A376.
^ http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR157/04Chapter04.pdf Badan Pusat Statistik "Indonesia Young Adult Reproductive Health Survey 2002-2004" p. 27
^ Michael Schredl, Petra Ciric, Simon Götz, Lutz Wittmann (November 2004). "Typical Dreams: Stability and Gender Differences". The Journal of Psychology 138 (6): 485 (Abstract).
^ Richard Alleyne (October 17, 2008). "Black and white TV generation have monochrome dreams". Telegraph: (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2008/10/17/scidream117.xml Article]).
^ Webb, Craig (1995). "Dreams: Practical Meaning & Applications". The DREAMS Foundation. http://www.dreams.ca/dreams.htm.
^ Wegner, D.M., Wenzlaff, R.M. & Kozak M. (2004). "The Return of Suppressed Thoughts in Dreams" (PDF). Psychological Science 15 (4): 232–236. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00657.x. http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~wegner/pdfs/Dream%20Rebound.pdf.
^ Harrison, John E. (2001). Synaesthesia: The Strangest Thing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192632450.
^ a b c The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares
^ Quoted in La Barre, W. (1975). Anthropological Perspectives on Hallucination and Hallucinogens. In R.K. Siegel and L.J. West (eds.), Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience, and Theory. New York: Wiley.
^ Ibid.
^ Freud, S. (1940). An Outline of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.
^ Jung, C.G. (1909). The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, translated by F. Peterson and A.A. Brill. New York: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company.
^ McCreery, C. (1997). Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis. In Claridge, G. (ed.): Schizotypy, Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ McCreery, C. (2008). Dreams and psychosis: a new look at an old hypothesis. Psychological Paper No. 2008-1. Oxford: Oxford Forum. Online PDF
^ Oswald, I. (1962). Sleeping and Waking: Physiology and Psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
^ Stevens, J.M. and Darbyshire, A.J. (1958). Shifts along the alert-repose continuum during remission of catatonic ‘stupor’with amobarbitol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 20, 99-107.
^ Griffin, J. & Tyrrell, I. (2003) Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking. HG Publishing. ISBN 1 899398 31 7
^ Griffin, J. & Tyrrell, I. (2003) Dreaming Reality: How dreaming keeps us sane, or can drive us mad. ISBN 1 899398 36 8
^ Lucid dreaming FAQ by 1The Lucidity Institute at Psych Web.
^ Watanabe, T. (2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions". J Int Soc Life Inf Sci 21 (1). ISSN 1341-9226.
^ Hajek P, Belcher M (1991). "Dream of absent-minded transgression: an empirical study of a cognitive withdrawal symptom". J Abnorm Psychol 100 (4): 487–91. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.487. PMID 1757662.
^ Kher, Chitrarekha V. (1992). Buddhism As Presented by the Brahmanical Systems. Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 8170302935.
^ Hobson, J.A., and McCarly, R.W. (1977). The brain as a dream-state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1335-1348.
^ Lohff, David C. (2004). The Dream Directory: The Comprehensive Guide to Analysis and Interpretation. Running Press 0762419628.
^ a b Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 78-81. ISBN 978-1573929790.
^ Gilovich, Thomas (1991). How We Know What Isn't So: the fallibility of human reason in everyday life. Simon & Schuster. pp. 177-180. ISBN 9780029117064.
^ Alcock, James E. (1981). Parapsychology: Science or Magic?: a psychological perspective. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0080257739. viaHines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 78-81. ISBN 978-1573929790.
^ Madey, Scott; Thomas Gilovich (1993). "Effects of Temporal Focus on the Recall of Expectancy-Consistent and Expectancy-Inconsistent Information". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (3). via Kida, Thomas (2006). Don't Believe Everything You Think: The 6 Basic Mistakes We Make in Thinking. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-408-8.
^ Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 56. ISBN 0–313–31822–0.
^ a b c d e f Van Riper, op.cit., p. 57.
[edit] Further reading
Freud, Sigmund (1994). The interpretation of dreams. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 067960121X.
Jung, Carl (1934). The Practice of Psychotherapy. "The Practical Use of Dream-analysis". New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 139-. ISBN 071001645X.
Jung, Carl (2002). Dreams (Routledge Classics). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415267404.
Lombardo G.P., Foschi R. (2008), Escape from the dark forest: The experimentalist standpoint of the Sante De Sanctis dreaming psychology. History of the Human Sciences. vol. 21, pp. 45–69 ISSN: 0952-6951.
[edit] External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dream
Dream Psychology by Sigmund Freud
The Dream & Nightmare Laboratory in Montreal
Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism website
The International Association for the Study of Dreams
More information on the expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
Dreams at the Open Directory Project
Dixit, Jay (2007), "Dreams: Night School", Psychology Today, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/index.php?term=20071029-000003
[hide]v • d • ePsychophysiology: Sleep
Sleep stages Rapid eye movement sleep · Non-rapid eye movement sleep · Slow-wave sleep
Brain waves Alpha wave · Beta wave · Gamma wave · Delta wave · Theta rhythm · K-complex
Sleep disorders Dyssomnia Insomnia · Narcolepsy · Sleep apnea (Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Ondine's curse) · Hypersomnia · Circadian rhythm sleep disorder (Advanced sleep phase syndrome, Delayed sleep phase syndrome, Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, Jet lag)
Parasomnia Night terror · Sleepwalking · Somniloquy
Other/ungrouped Night eating syndrome · Nocturia · Nocturnal myoclonus · Sleep deprivation
Benign phenomena Dream · Exploding head syndrome · False awakening · Hypnagogia · Hypnic jerk · Lucid dream · Nightmare · Nocturnal emission · Sleep paralysis · Somnolence
Related topics Bed (Bunk bed, Four poster bed, Futon, Hammock, Mattress) · Bed bug · Bedding · Bedroom · Bedtime · Bedtime toy · Bedtime story · Caffeine nap · Chronotype · Dream journal · Hypnopompic state · Lullaby · Methods of falling asleep · Nap · Nightwear · Polyphasic sleep · Polysomnography · Power nap · Siesta · Sleep and creativity · Sleep and learning · Sleep debt · Sleep diary · Sleep inertia · Sleep medicine · Sleeping while on duty · Sleepover · Snoring · Excessive daytime sleepiness · ("Sleeping sickness", which is not a sleep disorder.)
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For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation).
"The Knight's Dream" by Antonio de PeredaDreams are a succession of images, thoughts, sounds, or emotions passing through the mind during sleep.[1] The content and purpose of dreams are not fully understood, though they have been a topic of speculation and interest throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is known as oneirology.
Contents [hide]
1 Cultural history
2 Neurology of sleep and dreams
3 Dream theories
3.1 Activation synthesis theory
3.2 Continual-activation theory
3.3 Dreams as excitations of long-term memory
3.4 Dreams for linking and consolidation of semantic memories
3.5 Dreams for removing junk
3.6 Dreams for testing and selecting mental schemas
3.7 Dreams for Darwinian random thought mutations
3.8 Dreams as the result of DMT in the brain
3.9 Psychosomatic theory
3.10 Other Hypotheses on dreaming
4 Dream content
4.1 Emotions
4.2 Sexual themes
4.3 Recurring dreams
4.4 Common themes
4.5 Color vs. black and white
5 Dream interpretation
6 Relationship with medical conditions
6.1 Dreams and psychosis
7 Other associated phenomena
7.1 Lucid dreaming
7.2 Dreams of absent-minded transgression
7.3 Dreaming and the "real world"
7.4 Recalling dreams
7.5 Déjà vu
7.6 Apparent precognition
7.7 Dream incorporation
8 Popular culture
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
[edit] Cultural history
Jacob's dream of a ladder of angelsDreams have a long history. They have been a subject of controversy and disagreement. Throughout history, people have sought meaning in dreams or divination through dreams. They have been described physiologically as a response to neural processes during sleep, psychologically as reflections of the subconscious, and spiritually as messages from gods or predictions of the future. Many cultures had practiced dream incubation, with the intention of cultivating dreams that were prophetic or contained messages from the divine.
Judaism has a traditional ceremony called "hatavat halom" – literally meaning making the dream a good one. Through this rite disturbing dreams can be transformed to give a positive interpretation by a rabbi or a rabbinic court.[2]
[edit] Neurology of sleep and dreams
Main article: REM sleep
EEG showing brainwaves during REM sleepThere is no universally agreed biological definition of dreaming. In 1952, Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep while working in the surgery of his PhD advisor. Aserinsky noticed that the sleepers' eyes fluttered beneath their closed eyelids, later using a polygraph machine to record their brain waves during these periods. In one session, he awakened a subject who was wailing and crying out during REM and confirmed his suspicion that dreaming was occurring.[3] In 1953, Aserinsky and his advisor published the ground-breaking study in Science.[4]
Accumulated observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness. Participant-nonremembered dreams during non-REM sleep are normally more mundane in comparison.[5] During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming[6] (which is about two hours each night).[7] Most dreams last only 5 to 20 minutes.[6] It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind.
During REM sleep, the release of certain neurotransmitters is completely suppressed. As a result, motor neurons are not stimulated, a condition known as REM atonia. This prevents dreams from resulting in dangerous movements of the body.
Animals have complex dreams and are able to retain and recall long sequences of events while they are asleep.[8] Studies show that various species of mammals and birds experience REM during sleep,[9] and follow the same series of sleeping states as humans.[8]
Despite their power to bewilder, frighten us or amuse us, dreams are often ignored in mainstream models of cognitive psychology.[10] As methods of introspection were replaced with more self-consciously objective methods in the social sciences in 1930s and 1940s, dream studies dropped out of the scientific literature. Dreams were neither directly observable by an experimenter nor were subjects’ dream reports reliable, being prey to the familiar problems of distortion due to delayed recall, if they were recalled at all. According to Sigmund Freud, dreams are more often forgotten entirely, perhaps due to their prohibited character. Altogether, these problems seemed to put them beyond the realm of science.
The discovery that dreams take place primarily during a distinctive electrophysiological state of sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which can be identified by objective criteria, led to rebirth of interest in this phenomenon. When REM sleep episodes were timed for their duration and subjects woken to make reports before major editing or forgetting could take place, it was determined that subjects accurately matched the length of time they judged the sleep the dream narrative to be ongoing to the length of REM sleep that preceded the awakening. This close correlation of REM sleep and dream experience was the basis of first series of reports describing the nature of dreaming: that it is regular nightly, rather than occasional, phenomenon, and a high-frequency activity within each sleep period occurring at predictable intervals of approximately every 60–90 minutes in all humans throughout the life span. REM sleep episodes and the dreams that accompany them lengthen progressively across the night, with the first episode being shortest, of approximately 10–12 minutes duration, and the second and third episodes increasing to 15–20 minutes. Dreams at the end of the night may last as long as 15 minutes, although these may be experienced as several distinct stories due to momentary arousals interrupting sleep as the night ends. Dream reports can be reported from normal subjects on 50% of the occasion when an awakening is made prior to the end of the first REM period. This rate of retrieval is increased to about 99% when awakenings are made from the last REM period of the night. This increase in the ability to recall appears to be related to intensification across the night in the vividness of dream imagery, colors and emotions. The dream story itself in the last REM period is farthest from reality, containing more bizarre elements, and it is these properties, coupled with the increased likelihood of spontaneous arousals allowing waking review to take place, that heighten the chance of recall of the last dream.[citation needed]
[edit] Dream theories
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[edit] Activation synthesis theory
Main article: Activation-synthesis hypothesis
In 1976 J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley proposed a new theory that changed dream research, challenging the previously held Freudian view of dreams as subconscious wishes to be interpreted. Activation synthesis theory asserts that the sensory experiences are fabricated by the cortex as a means of interpreting chaotic signals from the pons. They propose that in REM sleep, the ascending cholinergic PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) waves stimulate higher midbrain and forebrain cortical structures, producing rapid eye movements. The activated fore brain then synthesizes the dream out of this internally generated information. They assume that the same structures that induce REM sleep also generate sensory information.
Hobson's 1976 research suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams originated in the brain stem during REM sleep. However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly related.[11] While working in the neurosurgery department at hospitals in Johannesburg and London, Solms had access to patients with various brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and confirmed that patients with damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson's 1977 theory. However, Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having brain stem damage. This observation forced him to question Hobson's prevailing theory which marked the brain stem as the source of the signals interpreted as dreams. Solms viewed the idea of dreaming as a function of many complex brain structures as validating Freudian dream theory, an idea that drew criticism from Hobson. In 1978, Solms, along with partners William Kauffman and Edward Nadar, undertook a series of traumatic-injury impact studies using several different species of primates, particularly howler monkeys, in order to disprove Hobson's postulation that the brain stem played a significant role in dream pathology. Unfortunately, Solms' experiments proved inconclusive, as the high mortality rate associated with using an hydraulic impact pin to artificially induce brain damage in test subjects meant that his final candidate pool was too small to satisfy the requirements of the scientific method.[12]algo
[edit] Continual-activation theory
Combining Hobson's activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms's findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by Jie Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes that the function of sleep is to process, encode and transfer the data from the temporary memory to the long-term memory, though there is not much evidence backing up this so-called "consolidation." NREM sleep processes the conscious-related memory (declarative memory), and REM sleep processes the unconscious related memory (procedural memory).
Zhang assumes that during REM sleep, the unconscious part of a brain is busy processing the procedural memory; meanwhile, the level of activation in the conscious part of the brain will descend to a very low level as the inputs from the sensory are basically disconnected. This will trigger the "continual-activation" mechanism to generate a data stream from the memory stores to flow through the conscious part of the brain. Zhang suggests that this pulse-like brain activation is the inducer of each dream. He proposes that, with the involvement of the brain associative thinking system, dreaming is, thereafter, self-maintained with the dreamer's own thinking until the next pulse of memory insertion. This explains why dreams have both characteristics of continuity (within a dream) and sudden changes (between two dreams).[13][14]
[edit] Dreams as excitations of long-term memory
Eugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory, even during waking life. The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield & Rasmussen’s findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams. During waking life an executive function interprets long term memory consistent with reality checking. Tarnow's theory is a reworking of Freud's theory of dreams in which Freud's unconscious is replaced with the long-term memory system and Freud's “Dream Work” describes the structure of long-term memory.[15]
Location of hippocampus[edit] Dreams for linking and consolidation of semantic memories
A 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the hippocampus and neocortex is reduced.[16] Increasing levels of the stress hormone cortisol late in sleep (often during REM sleep) cause this decreased communication. One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Payne and Nadal hypothesize that these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress.[17]
[edit] Dreams for removing junk
Hughlings Jackson (1911) viewed that sleep serves to sweep away unnecessary memories and connections from the day. This was revised in 1983 by Crick and Mitchison's 'reverse learning' theory, which states that dreams are like the cleaning-up operations of computers when they are off-line, removing parasitic nodes and other "junk" from the mind during sleep.[18][19] However, the opposite view that dreaming has an information handling, memory-consolidating function (Hennevin and Leconte, 1971) is also common. Dreams are a result of the spontaneous firings of neural patterns while the brain is undergoing memory consolidation during sleep.
[edit] Dreams for testing and selecting mental schemas
Coutts[20] hypothesizes that dreams modify and test mental schemas during sleep during a process he calls emotional selection, and that only schema modifications that appear emotionally adaptive during dream tests are selected for retention, while those that appear maladaptive are abandoned or further modified and tested. Alfred Adler suggested that dreams are often emotional preparations for solving problems, intoxicating an individual away from common sense toward private logic. The residual dream feelings may either reinforce or inhibit contemplated action.
[edit] Dreams for Darwinian random thought mutations
Dreams create new ideas through the generation of random thought mutations. Some of these may be rejected by the mind as useless, while others may be seen as valuable and retained. Blechner[21] calls this the theory of "Oneiric Darwinism."
[edit] Dreams as the result of DMT in the brain
Dreams are the result of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the brain. A biochemical mechanism for this was proposed by the medical researcher J. C. Callaway, who suggested in 1988 that DMT might be connected with visual dream phenomena, where brain DMT levels are periodically elevated to induce visual dreaming and possibly other natural states of mind.[22]
[edit] Psychosomatic theory
Dreams are a product of "dissociated imagination", which is dissociated from the conscious self and draws material from sensory memory for simulation, with sensory feedback resulting in hallucination. By simulating the sensory signals to drive the autonomous nerves, dreams can affect mind-body interaction. In the brain and spine, the autonomous "repair nerves", which can expand the blood vessels, connect with pain and compression nerves. These nerves are grouped into many chains called meridians in Chinese medicine. While dreaming, the body also employs the chain-reacting meridians to repair the body and help it grow and develop by sending out very intensive movement-compression signals when the level of growth enzymes increase.[23]
[edit] Other Hypotheses on dreaming
There are many other hypotheses about the function of dreams, including:[24]
During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses, but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep.[25] The mind will, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying.
Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock.[26]
Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences.[24]
Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness.[27]
Ferenczi[28] proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright.
Dreams regulate mood.[29]
Hartmann[30] says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life.
More recent research by psychologist Joe Griffin, following a twelve year review of data from all major sleep laboratories, led to the formulation of the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming, which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation in the autonomic nervous system and lowers stress levels in mammals.[31][32]
[edit] Dream content
From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966 Hall and Van De Castle published The Content Analysis of Dreams in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.[33] It was found that people all over the world dream of mostly the same things. Hall's complete dream reports became publicly available in the mid-1990s by Hall's protégé William Domhoff, allowing further different analysis.
Personal experiences from the last day or week are frequently incorporated into dreams.[34]
[edit] Emotions
The most common emotion experienced in dreams is anxiety. Other emotions include pain, abandonment, fear, joy, etc. Negative emotions are much more common than positive ones.[33]
[edit] Sexual themes
The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams occur no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens.[33] Another study showed that 8% of men's and women's dreams have sexual content.[35] In some cases, sexual dreams may result in orgasm or nocturnal emission. These are commonly known as wet dreams.[36]
In shamanism, the theme of a spirit spouse (in dreams) of the shaman (or of the shamaness) is of worldwide distribution.
[edit] Recurring dreams
While the content of most dreams is dreamt only once, many people experience recurring dreams — that is, the same dream narrative is experienced over different occasions of sleep. Up to 70% of females and 65% of males report recurrent dreams.
[edit] Common themes
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Content-analysis studies have identified common reported themes in dreams. These include: situations relating to school (adolescents), being chased or attacked, running slowly in place, falling, arriving too late, a person alive in reality dead in the dream, a person who is dead in real life alive in the dream, teeth falling out, flying, future events such as birthdays, anniversaries, etc. (with different scenarios), past events in your life (with different scenarios) embarrassing moments, falling in love with random people, failing an examination, not being able to move or focus vision, car accidents, being accused of a crime you didn't commit, suddenly finding yourself naked, wanting to go to the toilet (usually occurs when you need to in reality), losing your car, not knowing where you are and many more[citation needed].
[edit] Color vs. black and white
Twelve percent of people dream only in black and white.[37] Recent research has suggested that those changing results may be linked to the switch from black-and-white film and TV to color media.[38]
[edit] Dream interpretation
Main article: Dream interpretation
Dreams were historically used for healing (as in the asclepieions found in the ancient Greek temples of Asclepius) as well as for guidance or divine inspiration. Some Native American tribes used vision quests as a rite of passage, fasting and praying until an anticipated guiding dream was received, to be shared with the rest of the tribe upon their return.[39]
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung identified dreams as an interaction between the unconscious and the conscious. They also assert together that the unconscious is the dominant force of the dream, and in dreams it conveys its own mental activity to the perceptive faculty. While Freud felt that there was an active censorship against the unconscious even during sleep, Jung argued that the dream's bizarre quality is an efficient language, comparable to poetry and uniquely capable of revealing the underlying meaning.
Fritz Perls presented his theory of dreams as part of the holistic nature of Gestalt therapy. Dreams are seen as projections of parts of the self that have been ignored, rejected, or suppressed.[40] Jung argued that one could consider every person in the dream to represent an aspect of the dreamer, which he called the subjective approach to dreams. Perls expanded this point of view to say that even inanimate objects in the dream may represent aspects of the dreamer. The dreamer may therefore be asked to imagine being an object in the dream and to describe it, in order to bring into awareness the characteristics of the object that correspond with the dreamer's personality.
[edit] Relationship with medical conditions
There is evidence that certain medical conditions (normally only neurological conditions) can impact dreams. For instance, people with synesthesia have never reported entirely black-and-white dreaming, and often have a difficult time imagining the idea of dreaming in only black and white.[41]
Therapy for recurring nightmares (often associated with posttraumatic stress disorder) can include imagining alternative scenarios that could begin at each step of the dream.[42]
[edit] Dreams and psychosis
A number of thinkers have commented on the similarities between the phenomenology of dreams and that of psychosis. Features common to the two states include thought disorder, flattened or inappropriate affect (emotion), and hallucination. Among philosophers, Kant, for example, wrote that ‘the lunatic is a wakeful dreamer’.[43] Schopenhauer said: ‘A dream is a short-lasting psychosis, and a psychosis is a long-lasting dream.’[44] In the field of psychoanalysis, Freud wrote: ‘A dream then, is a psychosis’,[45] and Jung: ‘Let the dreamer walk about and act like one awakened and we have the clinical picture of dementia praecox.’[46]
McCreery[47][48] has sought to explain these similarities by reference to the fact, documented by Oswald,[49] that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress and hyper-arousal. McCreery adduces evidence that psychotics are people with a tendency to hyper-arousal, and suggests that this renders them prone to what Oswald calls ‘microsleeps’ during waking life. He points in particular to the paradoxical finding of Stevens and Darbyshire[50] that patients suffering from catatonia can be roused from their seeming stupor by the administration of sedatives rather than stimulants.
Griffin and Tyrrell[51] go so far as to say that "schizophrenia is waking reality processed through the dreaming brain."[52]
[edit] Other associated phenomena
[edit] Lucid dreaming
Main article: Lucid dreaming
Lucid dreaming is the conscious perception of one's state while dreaming. In this state a person usually has control over characters and the environment of the dream as well as the dreamer's own actions within the dream.[53] The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been scientifically verified.[54]
Oneironaut is a term sometimes used for those who lucidly dream.
[edit] Dreams of absent-minded transgression
Dreams of absent-minded transgression (DAMT) are dreams wherein the dreamer absentmindedly performs an action that he or she has been trying to stop (one classic example is of a quitting smoker having dreams of lighting a cigarette). Subjects who have had DAMT have reported waking with intense feelings of guilt. One study found a positive association between having these dreams and successfully stopping the behavior.[55]
[edit] Dreaming and the "real world"
Main article: Dream argument
Dreams can link to actual sensations, such as the incorporation of environmental sounds into dreams such as hearing a phone ringing in a dream while it is ringing in reality, or dreaming of urination while wetting the bed. Except in the case of lucid dreaming, people dream without being aware that they are doing so. Some philosophers have concluded that what we think as the "real world" could be or is an illusion (an idea known as the skeptical hypothesis about ontology). The first recorded mention of the idea was by Zhuangzi, and was also discussed in Hinduism; Buddhism makes extensive use of the argument in its writings.[56] It was formally introduced to Western philosophy by Descartes in the 17th century in his Meditations on First Philosophy.
[edit] Recalling dreams
The recall of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained. Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming.[42] Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men.[42] Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively little affect, and factors such as salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream recall. Often, a dream may be recalled upon viewing or hearing a random trigger or stimulus. A dream journal can be used to assist dream recall, for psychotherapy or entertainment purposes. For some people, vague images or sensations from the previous night's dreams are sometimes spontaneously experienced in falling asleep. However they are usually too slight and fleeting to allow dream recall. At least 95% of all dreams are not remembered. Certain brain chemicals necessary for converting short-term memories into long-term ones are suppressed during REM sleep. Unless a dream is particularly vivid and you wake during or immediately after it, the content of the dream will not be remembered.[57]
[edit] Déjà vu
Main article: Déjà vu
One theory of déjà vu attributes the feeling of having previously seen or experienced something to having dreamt about a similar situation or place, and forgetting about it until one seems to be mysteriously reminded of the situation or place while awake.[58] Déjà vu comes from the French language, meaning "Already seen."
[edit] Apparent precognition
Main article: Precognition
According to surveys, it is common for people to feel that their dreams are predicting subsequent life events.[59] Psychologists have explained these experiences in terms of memory biases, namely a selective memory for accurate predictions and distorted memory so that dreams are retrospectively fitted onto life experiences.[59] The multi-faceted nature of dreams makes it easy to find connections between dream content and real events[60]
In one experiment, subjects were asked to write down their dreams in a diary. This prevented the selective memory effect, and the dreams no longer seemed accurate about the future.[61] Another experiment gave subjects a fake diary of a student with apparently precognitive dreams. This diary described events from the person's life, as well as some predictive dreams and some non-predictive dreams. When subjects were asked to recall the dreams they had read, they remembered more of the successful predictions than unsuccessful ones.[62]
[edit] Dream incorporation
In one use of the term, "dream incorporation" is a phenomenon whereby an external stimulus, usually an auditory one, becomes a part of a dream, eventually then awakening the dreamer. There is a famous painting by Salvador Dalí that depicts this concept, titled "Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening" (1944).
The term "dream incorporation" is also used in research examining the degree to which preceding daytime events become elements of dreams. Recent studies suggest that events in the day immediately preceding, and those about a week before, have the most influence.[34]
[edit] Popular culture
Modern popular culture often conceives of dreams, like Freud, as expressions of the dreamer's deepest fears and desires.[63] In films such as Spellbound (1945) or The Manchurian Candidate (1962), the protagonists must extract vital clues from surreal dreams.[64]
Most dreams in popular culture are, however, not symbolic, but straightforward and realistic depictions of their dreamer's fears and desires.[64] Dream scenes may be indistinguishable from those set in the dreamer's real world, a narrative device that undermines the dreamer's and the audience's sense of security[64] and allows horror movie protagonists, such as those of Carrie (1976), Friday the 13th (1980) or An American Werewolf in London (1981) to be suddenly attacked by dark forces while resting in seemingly safe places.[64]
In speculative fiction, the line between dreams and reality may be blurred even more in the service of the story.[64] Dreams may be psychically invaded or manipulated (the Nightmare on Elm Street films, 1984–1991) or even come literally true (as in The Lathe of Heaven, 1971). Such stories play to audiences’ experiences with their own dreams, which feel as real to them.[64]
[edit] See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dream
Daydream
Dimethyltryptamine
Dissociation
Dream argument
Dream art
Dream pop
Dream sequence
Dream dictionary
Dreamwork
Dream world (plot device)
Dream yoga in Tibetan Buddhist Dzogchen tradition
False awakening
Hypnagogia
List of dream diaries
Lucid dream
Oneirology
Sleepwalking
Spirit spouse (in dreams)
Veridical dream
Dream speech
Lilith a 6000 year old Sumerian dream demon (succubus)
REM sleep
[edit] References
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^ Harrison, John E. (2001). Synaesthesia: The Strangest Thing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192632450.
^ a b c The Science Behind Dreams and Nightmares
^ Quoted in La Barre, W. (1975). Anthropological Perspectives on Hallucination and Hallucinogens. In R.K. Siegel and L.J. West (eds.), Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience, and Theory. New York: Wiley.
^ Ibid.
^ Freud, S. (1940). An Outline of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.
^ Jung, C.G. (1909). The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, translated by F. Peterson and A.A. Brill. New York: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company.
^ McCreery, C. (1997). Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis. In Claridge, G. (ed.): Schizotypy, Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ McCreery, C. (2008). Dreams and psychosis: a new look at an old hypothesis. Psychological Paper No. 2008-1. Oxford: Oxford Forum. Online PDF
^ Oswald, I. (1962). Sleeping and Waking: Physiology and Psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
^ Stevens, J.M. and Darbyshire, A.J. (1958). Shifts along the alert-repose continuum during remission of catatonic ‘stupor’with amobarbitol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 20, 99-107.
^ Griffin, J. & Tyrrell, I. (2003) Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking. HG Publishing. ISBN 1 899398 31 7
^ Griffin, J. & Tyrrell, I. (2003) Dreaming Reality: How dreaming keeps us sane, or can drive us mad. ISBN 1 899398 36 8
^ Lucid dreaming FAQ by 1The Lucidity Institute at Psych Web.
^ Watanabe, T. (2003). "Lucid Dreaming: Its Experimental Proof and Psychological Conditions". J Int Soc Life Inf Sci 21 (1). ISSN 1341-9226.
^ Hajek P, Belcher M (1991). "Dream of absent-minded transgression: an empirical study of a cognitive withdrawal symptom". J Abnorm Psychol 100 (4): 487–91. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.487. PMID 1757662.
^ Kher, Chitrarekha V. (1992). Buddhism As Presented by the Brahmanical Systems. Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 8170302935.
^ Hobson, J.A., and McCarly, R.W. (1977). The brain as a dream-state generator: An activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1335-1348.
^ Lohff, David C. (2004). The Dream Directory: The Comprehensive Guide to Analysis and Interpretation. Running Press 0762419628.
^ a b Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 78-81. ISBN 978-1573929790.
^ Gilovich, Thomas (1991). How We Know What Isn't So: the fallibility of human reason in everyday life. Simon & Schuster. pp. 177-180. ISBN 9780029117064.
^ Alcock, James E. (1981). Parapsychology: Science or Magic?: a psychological perspective. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0080257739. viaHines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 78-81. ISBN 978-1573929790.
^ Madey, Scott; Thomas Gilovich (1993). "Effects of Temporal Focus on the Recall of Expectancy-Consistent and Expectancy-Inconsistent Information". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (3). via Kida, Thomas (2006). Don't Believe Everything You Think: The 6 Basic Mistakes We Make in Thinking. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-408-8.
^ Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 56. ISBN 0–313–31822–0.
^ a b c d e f Van Riper, op.cit., p. 57.
[edit] Further reading
Freud, Sigmund (1994). The interpretation of dreams. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 067960121X.
Jung, Carl (1934). The Practice of Psychotherapy. "The Practical Use of Dream-analysis". New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 139-. ISBN 071001645X.
Jung, Carl (2002). Dreams (Routledge Classics). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415267404.
Lombardo G.P., Foschi R. (2008), Escape from the dark forest: The experimentalist standpoint of the Sante De Sanctis dreaming psychology. History of the Human Sciences. vol. 21, pp. 45–69 ISSN: 0952-6951.
[edit] External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Dream
Dream Psychology by Sigmund Freud
The Dream & Nightmare Laboratory in Montreal
Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism website
The International Association for the Study of Dreams
More information on the expectation fulfillment theory of dreaming
Dreams at the Open Directory Project
Dixit, Jay (2007), "Dreams: Night School", Psychology Today, http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/index.php?term=20071029-000003
[hide]v • d • ePsychophysiology: Sleep
Sleep stages Rapid eye movement sleep · Non-rapid eye movement sleep · Slow-wave sleep
Brain waves Alpha wave · Beta wave · Gamma wave · Delta wave · Theta rhythm · K-complex
Sleep disorders Dyssomnia Insomnia · Narcolepsy · Sleep apnea (Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, Ondine's curse) · Hypersomnia · Circadian rhythm sleep disorder (Advanced sleep phase syndrome, Delayed sleep phase syndrome, Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, Jet lag)
Parasomnia Night terror · Sleepwalking · Somniloquy
Other/ungrouped Night eating syndrome · Nocturia · Nocturnal myoclonus · Sleep deprivation
Benign phenomena Dream · Exploding head syndrome · False awakening · Hypnagogia · Hypnic jerk · Lucid dream · Nightmare · Nocturnal emission · Sleep paralysis · Somnolence
Related topics Bed (Bunk bed, Four poster bed, Futon, Hammock, Mattress) · Bed bug · Bedding · Bedroom · Bedtime · Bedtime toy · Bedtime story · Caffeine nap · Chronotype · Dream journal · Hypnopompic state · Lullaby · Methods of falling asleep · Nap · Nightwear · Polyphasic sleep · Polysomnography · Power nap · Siesta · Sleep and creativity · Sleep and learning · Sleep debt · Sleep diary · Sleep inertia · Sleep medicine · Sleeping while on duty · Sleepover · Snoring · Excessive daytime sleepiness · ("Sleeping sickness", which is not a sleep disorder.)
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Categories: Dreaming | Personal life | Psychotherapy | Symbols
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